In the nineteenth an early twentieth centuries, many Western anthropologists classified humans into a variety of races and subraces. Of these, the name Alpines was given to a physical type predominant in central/Eastern Europe, somewhat shorter, narrower shouldered and darker skinned than those they classified as Nordics. They were considered to be a sub-group of the Caucasian race. This model was first clearly defined in William Z. Ripley's book The Races of Europe (1899), which proposed three European categories: Teutonic (later termed Nordic), Mediterranean and Alpine. A distinctive Alpine type had been proposed by earlier writers, but it was Ripley who promoted it to one of the main divisions.