The Calayan Rail (Gallirallus calayanensis) is a flightless bir of the rail, moorhen, and coot family (Rallidae) that inhabits Calayan Island in the Philippines. Though well-known to natives of the island as the "piding", it was first observed by ornithologist Carmela Española in May 2004 and the discovery officially announced on August 16, 2004. The formal description as a species new to science appeared in the journal Forktail (Allen et al. 2004).