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caliph
For main article see: Caliphate
Trivia about caliph
Regarding themselves as rulers of the Muslim world, Turkish sultans held this title until 1924
Islam's Sunni/Shi'a split goes back to the question of Ali Abi ibn Talib's right to hold this post, leader of the Muslim world
From the Arabic for "successor", he's the secular & religious head of a Muslim state