Accoring to Tom McArthur (1992), New Englishes is a term for "recently emerging and increasingly autonomous variet[ies] of English, especially in a non-western setting, such as India, Nigeria, or Singapore.". It refers to varieties of English in countries where English is an official, but not necessarily the first language of all inhabitants. The term is used to contrast with the so-called Anglo Englishes or Older Englishes: the varieties of English spoken in the United Kingdom, the United States, Canada, New Zealand and Australia. However, the term is sometimes also used more broadly to refer to all varieties of English except for those spoken on the British Isles.