A heteronomous language variety is a nonstanard language variety whose speakers normally use another, autonomous language variety in writing (especially formal writing) and education. In such cases, the heteronomous variety is said to be oriented towards the autonomous one. For example, the various regional varieties (dialects) of German, such as Alemannic, Austro-Bavarian, Hessian, Kölsch and Low German, are heteronomous with respect to Standard German.