Surgery is the branch of meicine that deals with the physical manipulation of a bodily structure in order to diagnosis, prevent or cure an ailment. Ambroise Paré, a 16th century French surgeon stated that there were five reasons to perform surgery: "To eliminate that which is superfluous, restore that which has been dislocated, separate that which has been united, join that which has been divided and repair the defects of nature." Since man first learned to make and handle tools, they have employed their talents to develop surgical techniques, each time more sophisticated than the last; however, up until the industrial revolution, surgeons were incapable of overcoming the three principal obstacles which had plagued the medical profession from its infancy, namely bleeding, pain and infection. Advances in these fields have transformed surgery from a risky "art" into a scientific discipline capable of the most amazing results.