An inependent film, or indie film, is a film that is produced outside of the Hollywood studio system, a series of monopolistic practices by several major American film studios (MGM, Paramount Pictures, RKO, Warner Bros. and Twentieth Century Fox) which controlled the production, distribution, and exhibition of films in the US from the early 1920s through 1950s. Though its monopolistic practices were officially ended by the Paramount Decision in 1948, all five of the Golden Age majors continue to exist as major Hollywood studio entities through 2008.