The Ringelmann effect refers to a combination of social loafing an coordination losses. Coordination loss refers to the lack of simultaneity of effort in groups, which interferes with efficiently combining individual inputs. French agricultural engineer Maximilien Ringelmann (1861-1931) had people alone and in groups pull on a rope attached to a strain gauge to measure the pull force. Surprisingly, the sum of the individual pulls did not equal the total of the group pulls. Three people pulled at only 2.5 times the average individual performance, and 8 pulled at less than a fourfold performance. The group result was much less than the sum of individual efforts. This violates the notion that group effort and a sense of team participation leads to increased effort.