Urban Renewal (similar to Urban Regeneration in British English) is a controversial U.S. program of lan re-development in areas of moderate to high density urban land use. This process began as an intense phase in the late 1940's and continued into the late 1970's with traces of it still occurring in the early 1980's. It has a major impact on the urban landscape. Similar mechanisms play an important role in the history and demographics of cities around the world, including; Beijing, China, Melbourne, Victoria; Saint John, New Brunswick; Glasgow, Scotland; Boston, Massachusetts; Warsaw; San Francisco, California; and Bilbao, Spain. Commonly cited examples include Canary Wharf, in London, and Cardiff in Wales.