Veterans Health Aministration (VHA) is the component of the United States Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) that implements the medical assistance program of the VA through the administration and operation of numerous VA outpatient clinics, hospitals, medical centers and longterm healthcare facilities (i.e., nursing homes). VHA alone has far more employees than all other elements of the VA combined have. The origin of the VHA dates all the way back to the first federal military veterans hospital (Hand Hospital) in Pittsburgh in 1778. Until the 1980s, it was known as VA's Department of Medicine and Surgery. In recent years, VHA has opened hundreds of convenient outpatient clinics in towns across America, while steadily reducing inpatient bed levels at its hospitals. It has expanded its outreach efforts to women veterans and homeless veterans. VHA is especially praised for its efforts in developing electronic medical records which can be accessed online (with secure passwords) by health care providers far away from where the records are kept. Its research into developing better-functioning prosthetic limbs, and treatment of PTSD are also heralded. VHA has devoted many years of research into the health effects of the herbicide Agent Orange used by military forces in Vietnam. VHA through its academic affiliations has helped train many thousands of physicians. (Several newer VA medical centers are purposely located adjacent to medical schools). VHA support for research and residency/fellowship training programs has made the VA system a leader in the fields of geriatrics , spinal cord injuries , Parkinson's disease , and palliative care. VHA has initiatives in place to provide a "seamless transition" to newly discharged veterans transitioning from Department of Defense health care to VA care for conditions incurred in Iraq or Afghanistan.